• Czech: pokračovat
• Finnish: jatkaa, tehdä jotakin jatkuvasti
• German: weiterhin, weiter
• Russian: продолжать/продолжить (prodolžátat’/prodólžit’)
• Spanish: seguir, continuar
• Swedish: fortsätta

• Spanish: criar

• Finnish: keskustorni
• German: Burgfried
• Spanish: torre del homenaje

• Finnish: elanto
• German: Lebensunterhalt

See also

• donjon

Estonian

Noun

1. cloak, capote, gaberdine

Middle English

1. note

   take keep — “take note”

   • Chaucer, G.P. 503-4:

     And shame it is, if a preest take keep

     A shiten shepherde and a clene sheep

As nobles became more interested in grand halls and comfortable living quarters, the keep lost its domestic role. Although keeps continued to be used and built, there is evidence that many had a reduced role, demonstrated by the lack of residential amenities in the tower plans, such as latrines and chimneys.

In Western Europe, however, the defensible residential keep experienced a resurgence before the end of the medieval period, as towers were built to house nobles and their retinues securely, but at a very high level of comfort and luxury (e.g. Raglan Castle, Ashby de la Zouch Castle, Chateau de Vincennes, and Château de Largoët). This luxurious type was particularly popular in late medieval Scotland up until the 1600s (e.g. Craigievar Castle). Another word for this type of keep is the tower house.

Notable types

Norman or Romanesque keep

An archetypical form for the keep in the British Isles is the Norman keep, so-called because they were built throughout England and Ireland by Norman nobles. Norman keeps usually have several distinguishing features in common and the type was very popular during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Most have towers at each corner, which usually extend above the main keep to form watchtowers. In many cases spiral staircases were contained in or near these corner towers. Another common feature was the forebuilding, which contained the entryway to the keep, its most vulnerable point. This structure extended from the side of the keep and often, was approached by stairs, as the entryway usually was above ground level. Sometimes a drawbridge guarded the top of the stairs. One of the most famous keeps in Europe is the White Tower of The Tower of London, constructed by William the Conqueror in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest.

The cylindrical donjon of Rouen, shown above, is all that remains of the large city fortress where Joan of Arc was imprisoned during her trial for heresy.

Shown to the right is the tallest keep remaining in existence, the donjon of Château de Vincennes, which is located in a suburb of contemporary Paris. Previously this distinction was held the donjon of Coucy in Picardy.

References

See also

• Castle architecture
• Medieval architecture
• Japanese castle buildings for tenshaku, the Japanese castle keep

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